Room scans and eye detectors: Robocops are watching your kids take online exams

To Ian Linkletter, a librarian from Canada embroiled in a long-running battle with Proctorio over whether its products were harmful, Olsen's response was baffling. Sure, cartoon characters don't take tests. But children, he said, certainly do. What he wasn't sure about, however, was whether those younger test-takers were being monitored by Proctorio — so he set out to find out. 

He found two instances, both in Texas, where Proctorio was being used in the K-12 setting, including at a remote school tied to the University of Texas at Austin. Linkletter shared his findings with The 74, which used the government procurement tool GovSpend to identify other districts that have contracts with Proctorio and its competitors. 

More than 100 K-12 school districts have relied on Proctorio and its competitors, according to the GovSpend data, with a majority of expenditures made during the height of the pandemic. And while remote learning has become a more integral part of K-12 schooling nationwide, seven districts have paid for remote proctoring services in the last year. While extensive, the GovSpend database doesn't provide a complete snapshot of U.S. school districts or their expenditures. 

"It was just obvious that Proctorio had K-12 clients and were being misleading about children under 18 using their product," Linkletter said, adding that young people could be more susceptible to the potential harms of persistent surveillance. "It's almost like a human rights issue when you're imposing it on students, especially on K-12 students." Young children, he argued, are unable to truly consent to being monitored by the software and may not fully understand its potential ramifications. 

Proctorio did not respond to multiple requests for comment by The 74. Founded in 2013, the Arizona-based company claims it provided remote proctoring services during the height of the pandemic to more than 2,000 education institutions globally. 

In 2020, Proctorio sued Linkletter over a series of tweets in which the then-University of British Columbia learning technology specialist linked to Proctorio-produced YouTube videos, which the company had made available to instructors. Using the video on the tool's "Abnormal Eye Movement function," Linkletter tweeted that it showed "the emotional harm you are doing to students by using this technology."

Proctorio's lawsuit alleged that Linkletter's use of the company's videos, which were unlisted and could only be viewed by those with the link, amounted to copyright infringement and distributing of confidential material. In January, Canada's Supreme Court declined to consider Linkletter's claim that the litigation was specifically designed to silence him.

While there is little independent research on the efficacy of any remote proctoring tools in preventing cheating, one 2021 study found that Proctorio failed to detect test-takers who had been instructed to cheat. Researchers concluded the software is "best compared to taking a placebo: It has some positive influence, not because it works but because people believe that it works, or that it might work." 

A rubric at UT High School, the online K-12 school operated by the University of Texas, indicates that Proctorio is used for Credit by Exam tests, which award course credit to students who can demonstrate mastery in a particular subject. For students in kindergarten, first and second grade, the district pairs district proctoring with a "Proctorio Secure Browser," which prohibits test takers from leaving the online exam to use other websites or programs. Beginning in third grade, according to the rubric uploaded to the school's website, test takers are required to use Proctorio's remote online proctoring.

Meanwhile, dozens of K-12 school districts relied on the remote proctoring service ProctorU, now known as Meazure Learning, during the pandemic, records indicate, with several maintaining contracts after school closures subsided. Among them is the rural Watertown School District in South Dakota, which spent $18,000 on the service last fall. 

Aside from Wiemers, representatives for schools mentioned in this story didn't respond to interview requests or declined to comment. Meazure Learning and Honorlock didn't respond to media inquiries. 

At TTU K-12, an online education program offered by Texas Tech University, a web page notes the institution relies on Proctorio for "all online courses and Credit by Examinations," flagging suspicious activity to teachers for review. In an apparent nod to Proctorio privacy concerns, TTU instructs students to select private spaces for exams and that if they are testing in a private home, they have to get the permission of anyone also residing there for the test to be recorded. 

Documents indicate that K-12 institutions continue to subject remote learners to room scans even after a federal judge ruled a university's use of the practice was unconstitutional. In 2022, a federal judge sided with a Cleveland State University student, who alleged that a room scan taken before an online exam at the Ohio institution violated his Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. The judge ruled that the scan was "unreasonable," adding that "room scans go where people otherwise would not, at least not without a warrant or an invitation." 

Marlow of the ACLU says he finds room scans particularly troubling — especially in the K-12 context. From an equity perspective, he said such scans could have disproportionately negative effects on undocumented students, those living with undocumented family members and students living in poverty. He expressed concerns that information collected during room scans could be used as evidence for immigration enforcement 

"There are two fairly important groups of vulnerable students, undocumented families and poor students, who may not feel that they can participate in these classes because they either think it's legally dangerous or they're embarrassed to use the software," he said. 

The TTU web page notes that students "may be randomly asked to perform a room scan," where they're instructed to offer their webcam a 360-degree view of the exam environment with a warning: Failure to perform proper scans could result in a violation of exam procedures.

"If you're using a desktop computer with a built-in webcam, it might be difficult to lift and rotate the entire computer," the web page notes while offering a solution. "You can either rotate a mirror in front of the webcam or ask your instructor for further instruction."

'A legitimate concern' 

Wiemers, the principal in Utah, said that Proctorio serves as a deterrent against cheating — but is far from foolproof. 

"There's ways to cheat any software," he said, adding that educators should avoid the urge to respond to Proctorio alerts with swift discipline. In the instances where Proctorio has caught students cheating, he said that instead of being given a failing grade, they're simply asked to retake the test. 

"There are limitations to the software, we have to admit that, it's not perfect, not even close," he said. "But if we expect it to be, and the stakes are high and we're overly punitive, I would say [students] have a legitimate concern."

During a TTU K-12 advisory board meeting in July 2021, administrators outlined the extent that Proctorio is used during exams. Justin Louder, who at the time served as the TTU K-12 interim superintendent, noted that teachers and a "handful of administrators within my office" had access to view the recordings. Ensuring that third parties didn't have access to the video feeds was "a big deal for us," he said, because they're "dealing with minors." 

While college students "really kind of pushed back" on remote proctoring, he noted that they only received a few complaints from K-12 parents, who recognized the service offered scheduling benefits. Like Wiemers, he framed the issue as one of 24-hour convenience. 

"It lets students go at their own pace," he said. "If they're ready at 2 o'clock in the morning, they can test at 2 o'clock in the morning."