Higher education, higher earnings? Here's where advanced degrees pay off the most.

Nationally, college graduates earn significantly more than those with only a high school education or less. This wage gap has widened over time, too. An analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis found that in 1980, a college-educated worker earned about $10,000 more annually than a high school-educated worker by mid-career. But in 2020, this gap had grown to $18,000. Much of this difference is because jobs that high school graduates work in don't have much wage growth, whereas college graduates might see their salary increase significantly over the course of their career, according to a study by Harvard University's David J. Deming, published in the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Even within the same occupation, those with a college degree tend to earn more than those with just a high school diploma. A 2023 College Board analysis of jobs that employed a significant number of both high school graduates and college graduates found that the earnings gap ranged from 12% for bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks to 78% for supervisors of nonretail sales workers. The median salary for a nonretail sales supervisor with a college degree was $95,000 compared to just $53,400 for a supervisor with only a high school diploma.

Of course, not all college graduates will earn equally high salaries. What one studies can significantly impact one's financial outcome, as earnings vary significantly across different fields. Those who studied engineering, economics, or finance tended to have a mid-career annual median wage of $100,000 or more, while education, social services, and theology and religion majors had the lowest median wages, earning $60,000 or less annually, according to Census data analyzed by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

How much of a wage boost a college degree provides also varies by state. The median earnings of college graduates range from around $52,000 in Mississippi, the lowest in the country (except for Puerto Rico), to over $95,000 in Washington D.C. While college graduates earn more than high school graduates in all states, the pay bump is larger in some places, such as D.C., New Jersey, New York, and California, and smaller in others like Vermont, Maine, and Montana.

Some of what drives these differences in educational pay gaps is related to the share of residents employed in high-paying jobs and industries. States with the biggest gaps tend to have a larger share of workers in occupations that both require high levels of education and are well compensated. For example, D.C. has a large number of lawyers (49 out of every 1,000 jobs, per the Bureau of Labor and Statistics), a profession that both pays well (average salary of nearly $240,000 in D.C.) and requires an advanced degree.

Not only do these jobs pay more, but workers might also earn some of the highest salaries in their field in states with larger wage boosts. In New Jersey, the average salary of registered nurses, one of the top five jobs in the state, is among the highest in the nation, at nearly $102,000. Similarly, in New York, general and operations managers—the third largest occupation in the state—earn nearly the highest average salaries in their field.

States with larger wage gaps also predict that there will be a growing demand for workers with a college degree. California, for example, projects that some of its fastest-growing occupations will be nurse practitioners, physician assistants, medical managers, data scientists, and information security analysts—all jobs that typically require a college education at minimum.

Vermont, on the other hand, forecasts its future job openings will mainly be for waitstaff, carpenters, sales representatives, and fitness trainers—these jobs are ones that do not typically require a bachelor's degree. Without strong local demand for their skills and knowledge, it makes sense that college graduates would not earn as much in states like Vermont.

An additional factor that may influence how much of a wage boost a college education provides is institutional prestige. Several studies have shown that graduates from more selective institutions tend to have higher earnings. An analysis of data from more than 1,500 schools by PayScale found that early-career median pay for Ivy League graduates was over $86,000, compared to around $58,000 for graduates from other institutions—and that the gap grows even wider by mid-career.

Opportunity Insights studied anonymized admissions data and income tax records and found that attending such selective colleges also substantially increases the odds of being in the top 1% of earners. However, research from Mathematica Policy Research and Princeton University points out that the advantage that attending a highly prestigious institution provides in terms of earnings disappears once academic performance and SAT/ACT scores are controlled for, suggesting that it isn't so much the quality of the school as much as the quality of the students that affects future earnings.

Although having a college degree can significantly boost one's wages, attending college comes with a hefty price tag, too. In 2023, 1 out of every 4 U.S. young adults had student loan debt, owing a median amount of $20,000 to $25,000, according to an analysis of Federal Reserve Board data by the Pew Research Center. It also found that college graduates with student loan debt tend to have lower household incomes than those without debt (though they do still earn more than noncollege graduates).

Perhaps it is not surprising that doubts are growing as to whether attending college is worth it. Four out of 5 Americans now think that someone without a degree could potentially get a well-paying job in today's economy, and roughly half feel having a degree is less helpful than it was 20 years ago. As college enrollment declines from a peak of 70% in 2009 to 61% in 2021, it seems that the perceived financial benefits of a college degree may not be as clear-cut as before.

Story editing by Carren Jao. Additional editing by Elisa Huang. Copy editing by Tim Bruns.