50 notable medical advancements of the decade

Since California became the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996, the drug has seen rapid state-by-state legalization in the past decade thanks to advancements in CBD research leading to a broadened diagnosis spectrum. The drug, which was initially used by patients with HIV/AIDS, cancer, and chronic pain, is now used to treat fibromyalgia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Even the American Veterinary Medical Association reports the positive effects the drug has had on ailing animals.

App-controlled i-limbs, including a hand with up to 24 different grips that can now be operated by an iPhone, represent a major breakthrough in the field of prosthetics and the exciting future of artificial body parts. Amputees can, for example, now precisely pack suitcases with the advanced prosthetic.

Developments in technology have done wonders for medicine. The FDA in 2017 approved smart pills, which contain tiny embedded sensors that communicate via smartphone with users about whether they’ve already taken their medication. Smart pills can also give doctors a better understanding of a pill’s usage and effectiveness in patients. In the future, smart pills could eliminate the need for endoscopy by detecting abnormalities in a person’s gastrointestinal tract.

The first-ever full face transplant was done in 2011. Since then, Cleveland Clinic in 2018 performed a full face transplant on the youngest patient to date; and Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital completed one for the oldest patient and first African American.

From detecting schizophrenia and heart disease to counting an individual's daily steps on smartwatches, doctors know more about illness than ever before because of artificial intelligence. Google's most recent AI model in 2019 proves to expose lung cancer more accurately than radiologists with up to eight years of experience. AI health care will continue to thrust forward preventative and diagnostic medicine, with the field's forecasted growth at annualized 48% by 2023.

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Though quite controversial, the research of stem cells—which can replicate and manipulate—gave near-blind patients sight in 2014 and assisted in saving an unborn child’s life in 2018. Some of the most recent research by the University of Copenhagen revealed how exactly stem cell signals could switch gene activity on and off.

Clot-busting drugs and medical devices, including one approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 from startup company Perfuze, are changing the long-term impact of strokes. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke reports a historical turn in acute stroke therapy with catheter-based treatments that are proving to save patients from both death and lifelong disabilities.

Regrowing body parts has long been a dream of scientists, and is moving closer to reality with the help of nature. In 2018, a European team released the first full genome profile of a salamander, which could help unlock the answers to limb regrowth.

The defense mucus made by slugs to fight off prey has given rise to a non-toxic super glue separate from other surgical adhesives. After researching slug slime, Jianyu Li, a Harvard materials scientist, and his team created a resin in 2017 from a similar type of sticky compound found in the algae plant. With further research and trial, the new-found glue could be used to repair cartilage, or even patch a hole in the heart of an infant.

Until now, women who underwent breast augmentation chose from saline or silicone implants, but that is changing with startups like Lattice Medical. Started by material scientist Julien Payen, the company produces 3D-printed breast implants, which assist in the regeneration of the adipose tissue. Clinical trials on humans begin in 2021.

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Microsoft developed a glucose-monitoring smart lens in 2012, and now Purdue biomedical/mechanical engineering assistant professor, Chi Hwan, believes placing thin-film sensors in contacts is the next step. Meanwhile, Michigan electrical and computer engineering assistant professor, Zhaohui Zhong, is producing night-vision smart lenses.

Patient-specific 3D printing puts out models of organs that allow physicians to better understand surgeries they are about to perform. While tech startups like Mediprint plan to produce more than 1,000 duplicate human organs by the end of this year, a 2019 study revealed that a 3D-printed, patient-specific silicone airway heart stent was less invasive than using a commercial tube in surgery.

After complicated dosing of single HIV/AIDS drugs led to missed doses and less effective treatment, fixed-dose combinations answered the problem in 2013, when four drugs offered treatment in one pill offering “a better side-effect profile.” In 2018, researchers concocted a single-pill that holds up to one week of HIV/AIDS drugs in one weekly dose .

More than 4 million Tanzanian men were circumcised in 2019 to prevent contracting HIV. With coercive evidence, including three randomized control trials, the World Health Organization reports males are 60% less likely to get the deadly virus if they undergo the procedure. Though circumcision reduces the risk of attracting the virus, physicians continue to promote the use of condoms to prevent it altogether.

Judy Slater was the first stroke victim to regain motor function because of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in 2017. The medical advancement lends hope to stroke victims and was the result of a 10-year Cleveland Clinic study that implants electrodes to affected parts of the brain. Since there are no foreseen limits to her gain, the clinical study on Slater has passed the five-month protocol.

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Medical education can be taught through both virtual and mixed reality, giving student doctors simulated experiences very close to the real thing. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) describes the difference between the two, noting virtual reality is entirely computer-generated, and augmented reality is computer-generated mixed with sound and mannequins.

Though target therapies—molecular targets that stop the spread of cancer—have helped thousands of patients for years, the recent discoveries of advanced lung, advanced breast, and acute myeloid leukemia target therapies are significant. While the drug Trastuzumab targets the gene mutation in breast cancer, Afatinib and cetuximab stop EGFR, a substance that helps colorectal and lung cancer grow. Additionally, Dabrafenib and vemurafenib stop the mutated BRAF gene from spreading melanoma.

The breakthrough in HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment since the 1980s is unprecedented, and that continues with the possible HIV vaccine becoming a reality. Medical experts determine that if vaccines for smallpox and polio are possible, then wiping out the human immunodeficiency virus by the vaccine could also be possible. The HIV Vaccine Trial Network, with clinical research sites on five continents, revealed this October its most recent early phase success with an initial inoculation.

A Mayo Clinic voice-analyzing application's first study in 2016 that detects heart disease is just the beginning of auditory medical advancement. MIT is following suit as they attempt to identify PTSD, depression, and traumatic brain injury in veterans by studying the volume, pitch, tone, and rhythm of veterans’ voices. Thus far, Dr. Charles Marmar has detected up to 30 characteristics that could detect the disorder and injuries.

The American Academy of Pediatrics reported in March 2019 that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is not responsible for an increased risk of autism. Additionally, a 2013 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study debunked the long-standing myth that vaccines caused the disease in adolescents who receive immunizations.

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The volumetric impedance phase shift spectroscopy (VIPS) device can detect a stroke with up to 92% accuracy, making the medical breakthrough a game-changer in neurological disease. The visor, manufactured by Cerebrotech Medical Systems beginning in 2018, picks up the change in brain fluidity via low energy radio waves. The device, which requires little training, can be used by emergency medical personnel, which reduces human error in diagnosing.

Scientific American reported in 2016 that scientists were “racing to create tests” to detect disease by the smell of urine, sweat, and breath. Thus far, preeclampsia, lung cancer, kidney and liver failure, multiple sclerosis, infectious and gum disease, mono, diabetes, and some psychiatric illnesses are detectable through smell. Retired nurse Joy Milne has detected the odor of Parkinson's disease, making earlier diagnosis possible in the debilitating disease.

In 2018, John Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center announced CancerSEEK, a liquid biopsy that can detect up to eight types of cancer, five of which till then had no screening test available. While the trial continues to be studied, the final estimated costs for the CancerSEEK biopsy are expected to be around $500.

Microscopic robots that deliver drugs to the brain and heart could be on the health care horizon. While MIT Media Lab co-founder Nicholas Negroponte predicted for some time that tiny nanobots might swim through the bloodstream detecting disease, in 2015, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology mechanical engineer Brad Nelson was creating E. coli bacteria-shaped nanobots, which are propelled by magnetic fields.

Since the 2008 development of the advanced pediatric 5-in-1 vaccine Pentacel, which immunes adolescents six weeks to 4 years old to diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and invasive disease, a 6-in-1 vaccine also protecting against hepatitis B was announced in 2014. Meanwhile, Pentacel is predicted to bring in approximately $2.34 billion in pharmaceutical sales by 2020, proving the medical advancement is also a financial success.

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Though widely considered unethical and dangerous, alleged embryo gene editing of HIV by Chinese researcher He Jiankui in 2018 sparked severe controversy. In an interview with the Associated Press (AP), Jiankui explained how he and bioengineering professor Michael Deem successfully helped create a set of twins after researching the experiment on mice. The AP reports that while several scientists reviewed materials provided by the Jiankui, they cannot determine whether the embryo editing was a success or caused harm.

A blood test detecting Down syndrome was developed in 2014. Tufts Medical Center pediatric geneticist Diana Bianchi, who led the study, said the non-invasive blood test, administered on 1,914 pregnant women, can ease the minds of pregnant women seeking extensive prenatal testing. Though the new type of blood test is a breakthrough, Bianchi said all pregnant women still need to follow up with the traditional amniocentesis to test for Down syndrome.

Open-heart surgery is a thing of the past, with catheters now assisting in mitral and tricuspid heart valve replacement and repair. It has opened the door for less invasive, and more effective, cardiac procedures.

Rather than fill a cavity, dentists are exploring teeth regeneration, which, if possible, have scientists confessing it may be the most significant advancement in dental care in half a century. In 2018, bioengineer Paul Sharpe at King’s College in London proved in mice trials that mobilizing stem cells in the dental pulp can propel a tooth’s natural healing ability. Meanwhile, Yang Chai at the University of Southern California’s Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry is aiming to “regenerate a molar root, and put a crown on top.”

In 2003, the FDA approved the first drug-eluted stent (DES), and in 2017, significant headway was made, with one specific trial showing the shunts were as effective as coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Though DES has been around for some time, famous cardiovascular pathologist Renu Virmani contends the advancements will only improve.

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A 2018 report suggests that though evidence-based medicine (EBM)—which is research and fact-based treatment used to derive health care decisions based on patient nuance—is not highly regarded, it has, in fact, advanced. EBM presently has an annual international conference surrounding all advancements made in the field.

Women left infertile due to cancer may find hope again with the development of artificial ovaries. London Women’s Clinic medical director Nick Macklon called the breakthrough an “exciting development” even though the successful trial was conducted on mice. The National Institutes of Health reported in 2017 that three female mice with artificial ovaries became pregnant and produced milk after mating.

As one of the most effective menopause treatments, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has helped women for decades. Now, new evidence suggests it's linked to heart fat. The Mayo Clinic reported in 2018 both the benefits and the risks of HRT, including the largest trial to date, revealing that Prempro, an estrogen-progestin mix, increases the risk of heart disease, blood clots, stroke, and cancer.

The most advanced cystic fibrosis medication to date released in October, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration calling the drug a “breakthrough therapy.” With the potential to treat up to 90% of sufferers with common cystic fibrosis mutation, F508del, Trikafta is the first triple-combination treatment, which can safely be given to patients at least 12 years old.

Inflammation from sepsis, a dangerous condition caused by the body's response to infection that can cause tissue damage, organ failure, or death, can now be treated thanks to Dr. Ping Wang and his team at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research. Identifying that a microRNA molecule inhibits inflammation can also help in creating a treatment for hemorrhagic shock, as well as ischemia/reperfusion injuries, according to Wang.

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Roughly 32 million people in the United States suffer from some sort of peanut allergy, and until recently, the only treatments were avoidance or epinephrine injections upon ingestion. Stanford scientists discovered an injection of the antibody etokimab could have allergy sufferers eating peanut protein in as little as two weeks. While further testing on etokimab is needed, the drug Palforzia is nearing FDA approval in early 2020 and has shown the ability to lessen the effects of peanut allergies in children through exposure to increasingly larger doses.

Henrik Bjørn Nielsen, science department head of company Clinical-Microbiomics, in 2017 said no other research area other than gut bacteria established so many clinical trials in the last decade. The Cleveland Clinic has been awarded $12 million by the National Institutes of Health to study the links between heart disease and gut microbes.

Cataracts, which are the leading cause of blindness, are currently only treated through invasive surgery by removing the clouded lens of the eye and implanting a new one. Researchers in 2015 discovered that by using eye drops containing lanosterol or compound 29, the clumping of proteins in the eye, called amyloids, could be broken up. While treatment for cataracts in humans through eye drops may be a few years away, advancements could also lead to treatments in the brain for Alzheimer’s or Parkinson's, which are also caused by amyloids.

Before Medtronic’s MiniMed 670G was approved by the FDA in 2016, the roughly 1.25 million Type 1 Diabetes sufferers in the U.S. were required to test their blood glucose levels multiple times per day and regulate with insulin shots. The MiniMed uses a sensor implanted in the abdomen or arm to read a patient's blood glucose levels every five minutes, which transmits information to a pump on the stomach that controls the amount of insulin released, creating an “artificial” pancreas.

There have been several methods used to treat opioid dependence since the epidemic began in the 1990s. Probuphine, a one-of-a-kind implant that was approved by the FDA in May 2016, eliminates the need for users to remember to take a pill by delivering a low dose of buprenorphine from under the skin in the upper arm. Previously, products like Suboxone, methadone, and Vivitrol required the user to remember to take multiple pills each day to suppress opioid cravings.

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Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is a controversial technique still banned in the U.S. but that has shown the ability to eliminate diseases passed from mother to baby. The process takes an egg from the mother and replaces potentially harmful mitochondria (DNA’s power source) with that from a donor before being fertilized by the father’s sperm. In 2016, the world’s first baby was born using MRT by American doctors in Mexico.

The World Health Organization (WHO) warned in 2014 that superbugs resistant to current antibiotics could pose a severe threat to human health in the near future. One year later, scientists discovered a new antibiotic, teixobactin, which could eliminate bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, in mice. A new method of synthetically replicating teixobactin was uncovered by English researchers in 2017, speeding manufacturing from up to 30 hours down to mere minutes. While human testing and mass production of teixobactin is years away, lab tests as of 2019 have shown no bacteria building a resistance.

Cluster headaches spur intense pain in the sufferer for anywhere from 15 minutes to three hours, one to eight times per day over weeks or months. While most treatments developed in the last decade, including medicated nasal sprays and corticosteroids, fight the onset of a headache, the FDA approved Emgality in 2019, the first self-injection to help patients reduce the frequency of attacks. Previously, injections to the Greater Occipital Nerve at the base of the skull were capable of lowering attacks, but research is trending toward less invasive procedures.

The first successful synthetic cell was created in 2010 and made strides in 2017 with Israeli scientists using synthetics to target and kill breast cancer tumors. Researchers are now working on ways to improve communication between the cells in order to exchange proteins and other larger molecules, as opposed to current processes, which are limited to smaller components. Further development in 2019 is leading to more targeted treatments and the ability to fight a wide range of medical conditions, from diabetes to cancer.

The first attempted penis transplant was in 2006 in China but was later removed, as was a South African transplant in 2014 that was rejected by the host. In 2018, a soldier who lost the lower half of his body, including his genitals, in an IED blast in 2010 in Afghanistan received a new penis with a new technique using bone marrow from the donor to speed recovery. Injecting bone marrow into the soldier made it so he only has to take one pill a day to prevent rejection, as opposed to the combination of medications previously prescribed.

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3D printing has many applications to the medical field, and several recent FDA approvals will have surgeons using the process to rebuild a patient’s spine and speed recovery. Companies like Osseus Fusion Systems have developed a titanium implant that allows spinal tissue to grow through their Aries lumbar interbody fusion product. In 2018, the FDA approved the first 3D-printed spinal implant to treat multiple injuries in the upper back at the same time.

The CDC has made a number of advancements to the influenza vaccine, from creating stronger doses to stretching the supply of the vaccine. The development of cell-based processes made it easier to produce the vaccine, as opposed to the traditional way, which required eggs in which to grow the virus. The CDC reported nearly 43 million cases of the flu in 2018–19, including a minimum of 35,000 deaths.

Scientists with the Human Genome Project kicked off the decade by successfully mapping all 3 billion letters in the Neanderthal Genome, after successfully mapping human DNA for the first time in 2003. Advancements in medicine have followed, from doctors being able to study the DNA of an individual tumor for more targeted treatment, to researchers removing HIV and autism from mice. In November 2019, researchers at Penn Medical School began the first human study to treat cancer using CRISPR gene therapy.

RNA-based therapies have helped intercept genetic abnormalities before infiltrating cell protein since the 1990s, but the 2018 FDA approval of a targeted type RNA-based therapy for peripheral nerve disease is a new. FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said this class of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) could possibly reverse disease by targeting its origin.

Immunotherapy, a biological treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight disease, has seen significant advances in treating cancer in the past decade, including the 2014 discovery by UCLA's Dr. Antoni Ribas, which proved certain patient traits could foretell treatment response. Specifically, Ribas revealed that cancerous tumors riddled with malignant T cells were more likely to see success with checkpoint therapy. Johns Hopkins' Dr. Elizabeth M. Jaffee reports future research of the gut microbiome will further enhance cancer immunotherapy.

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