A history of online shopping

"Sold" is more symbolic here, as the infamous 1971 deal between Stanford and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was not finalized or paid for over the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. ARPANET is considered the earliest form of what became the internet, using technology like TCP/IP protocol that eventually formed the network architecture we still use. The network also used packet switching, a term for breaking data into discrete packets that are exchanged back and forth to create the illusion of continuous data both ways. It was developed by the government but quickly expanded to include the computer science department at Stanford. The first stable release of the ARPANET we'd recognize was in 1971.

Elderly Jane Snowball was part of a cutting-edge computing experiment in 1984. In what's arguably also the first "smart TV," her television set was connected to a phone line, which enabled an interface she navigated with her TV remote. Snowball's local Tesco shop had enough of a page setup that she could connect and order groceries. While the transaction was completed with cash, it's still considered the first true online shopping order. It's also an indication of how the wider spread of the internet some years later would revolutionize grocery shopping.

After decades of "online shopping" that stopped short of a credit card transaction, the world's first encrypted retail transaction occurred in 1994. There are two competing stories as to which was first—separated by about a month—but both were in that same year. Today, it's uncommon to see a URL without HTTPS indicating a secure connection, but that change happened over time and was certainly not the case in 1994. To encrypt credit card data in a secure transaction, you scramble it before sending it and know that the other party will be able to unscramble it into usable data. Encryption algorithms have grown more complex over time; today's computers would crack that 1994 transaction easily.

After the first secure transaction in 1994, some major projects followed to let consumers buy things online. eBay was one of the first in 1995, allowing users to buy and sell their items directly to other users (minus a user fee, of course). For a company like eBay to exist and foster trust online, it had to add a key layer in the form of responsive customer service. eBay assumed a lot of risk by implicitly covering the question of trust when it comes to selling antiques, collectibles, and more. And from the annals of related consumer history, the true wild west of Craigslist came online shortly after in 1996.

It's hard to remember now, but Amazon began as an online bookstore in 1995. Within several years, founder Jeff Bezos expanded to also sell music and movies. Amazon is one of the most instructive ways internet businesses have sought to "disrupt" traditional businesses. The keystone of this strategy in the early years may have been free shipping on orders above a certain amount, something college students especially found irresistible when combined with the site's discounts. Amazon didn't report a profit until 2001, when it made just $5 million in one quarter.

PayPal wasn't called PayPal at first, but the company quickly focused on its identity as a kind of online wallet. Shoppers nowadays are used to websites building out e-commerce capabilities using templates from major providers like Squarespace. But when PayPal was first online, it was a novel way to send money to anyone else with an account. That allowed a wave of independent providers, from online boutiques to web developers, to invoice and get paid online in a secure way. Today, PayPal has hundreds of millions of users worldwide.

The launch of AliExpress marked the beginning of a new era of online shopping known as dropshipping. This business model positions a middle person between manufacturers and customers, allowing both selling and receiving goods. The middle person simply takes the orders, letting the manufacturer know where to send them. AliExpress operates like a massive online bazaar, where millions of products are sold from their own virtual stalls.

Bitcoin is still elusive to many people, even after more than a decade in the public eye. It's a cryptocurrency, meaning it's virtual, decentralized, and processed by a computer working through complex mathematics taken from cryptography. In 2010, programmer Laszlo Hanyecz sought to exchange 10,000 Bitcoin—valued at about $41 at the time—for two pizzas. That meant finding someone who would accept the Bitcoin transfer and implicitly turn that into cash, which was paid to a local Papa John's. Bitcoin soared in popularity in 2017, with many pizza places today now accepting crypto payments directly.

Apple has long led the way in revolutionizing consumer tech, from its game-changing iMac G3 in 1998 and the iPod in 2001 to the now-ubiquitous iPhone and Apple Watch. Apple Pay marked another of the company's moves to transform how consumers pay for goods. The technology uses a principle called near-field communication, essentially creating a tiny forcefield around an iPhone or Apple Watch to trigger a waiting scanner, such as a point-of-sale terminal. Apple billed Apple Pay as a contact-free way to be able to leave your wallet at home. Other companies such as Google and Samsung followed with their own apps. The idea for mobile payment became more appealing during the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving one fewer thing to be disinfected regularly.

Amazon Prime has been a massive boon for the online retailer, with customers paying a membership fee each year in exchange for free, fast shipping and access to Prime Video and other services. In 2015, the e-tailer behemoth launched Prime Day, an aspiring shopping holiday where Amazon lines up limited-time deals as well as large sales. Perhaps not coincidentally, Amazon acquired timed-deals pioneers Woot in 2010.

Prime Day's "sell it till it's gone" ethos is just like the long-running tradition of "Woot-Offs," special events where Woot worked to clear its shelves of accumulated goods. While Prime Day has traditionally occurred in July every year, Amazon has begun mulling over the idea of multiple "themed" Prime Days throughout the year. In 2022, for example, there was a July Prime Day, and a holiday preview Prime Day will occur in the fall.