30 stunning photos from 'The Golden Age of Jazz'

This image captures the neon collage of 52nd Street in New York City, circa 1948. The vantage point is from the south side of 52nd Street, between Fifth and Sixth avenues, looking west. The Three Deuces marquee announces saxophonist Charlie Parker headlining with Max Roach on drums.

Patrons gather at The Three Deuces on 52nd Street in New York City to enjoy a bill featuring bassist Oscar Pettiford and drummer J.C. Heard with flashy pianist Erroll Garner, circa 1948.

Bandleader Duke Ellington and drummer Sonny Greer are seen in action at the Aquarium nightclub in New York City, circa November 1946. The Ellington organization was one of the tightest bands in the U.S., so much so its members called Ellington “Old Grumpy” and “The Headbanger”—behind his back of course.

Here, we see a young Miles Davis and Ray Brown backing trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie at Club Downbeat in New York City, while a pre-Modern Jazz Quartet John Lewis accompanies on piano, and Cecil Payne performs on baritone sax. This photo was taken between 1946 and 1948 during the dawn of bebop.

Bandleader Stan Kenton and sax player Bob Gioga commiserate before a showbill announcing Kenton's big band (circa 1947 or 1948). By 1947, Kenton had expanded his orchestra to 20 members, showcasing what he termed "progressive jazz." His arranger was Pete Rugolo, later famous for his work scoring "Leave It to Beaver" and "The Fugitive."

Louis Armstrong is seen at Carnegie Hall in New York City, circa April 1947, holding Bobby Hackett’s trumpet, as Armstrong’s instrument had just been stolen. Armstrong was part of the first presentation of jazz at Carnegie Hall.

On the occasion of Charlie Parker’s 1947 return to 52nd Street, “Bird” performs at The Three Deuces in New York City with Tommy Potter on upright bass, Duke Jordan at the piano, and Miles Davis on trumpet. This gig was a year after Parker’s six-month rehab stint at California’s Camarillo State Mental Hospital.

Billie Holiday sings in New York City at Downbeat, circa February 1947. Lady Day’s coif appears shorter in this image, and if she is wearing her trademark gardenia in her hair, it’s on the other side.

Bandleader and vibraphonist Lionel Hampton and saxophonist Arnett Cobb play at New York City’s Aquarium nightclub, circa June 1946. The Aquarium was situated at West 47th Street and Seventh Avenue. In that era, the Aquarium, the Downbeat, The Stork Club, The Three Deuces, and Jimmy Ryan’s were prominent midtown venues.

Six "Modern School" arrangers—Neal Hefti, George Handy, Ralph Burns, Johnny Richards, Eddie Sauter, and Edwin A. Finckel—pose for a photo at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, circa March 1947. The works of Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore are on the walls around them.

Vivien Garry performs at Dixon’s in New York City, circa May 1947, with Teddy Kaye and guitarist Arvin Charles Garrison, Garry’s husband. Garry also led the Vivien Garry Quintet, in which she was the bassist.

Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Milt “Bags” Jackson, Timmie Rosenkrantz, and Ray Brown gig at the Downbeat in New York City, circa September 1947. It was in Dizzy’s band that “The First Lady Of Jazz” truly became a scat singer, influenced by the syncopation of bebop. The 30-year-old Fitzgerald also recorded “Oh, Lady Be Good!” that year.

Bandleader Cabell “Cab” Calloway is pictured in New York City, circa January 1947. Calloway was the flamboyant pioneer of the scat-singing genre, which helped birth hip-hop. He attended Lincoln University with fellow Baltimore native Thurgood Marshall. Calloway also popularized the loose-fitting zoot suit.

Pianist Nat King Cole is pictured at the piano in New York City, circa June 1947. Before he was a silky solo crooner, Cole was a brilliant slide pianist leading The King Cole Trio. Several years later he became the first Black person to host a national TV show.

Arnett Cobb and his band share the bill with Sidney "Big Sid" Catlett and his group at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem, New York City, between 1946 and 1948. Catlett was a legendary drummer, who played in Sarah Vaughan's band. His namesake son, Sid Catlett, was a basketball star at Notre Dame.

This shot of Sidney Bechet, Freddie Moore, and Lloyd Phillips was taken at Jimmy Ryan’s club in midtown Manhattan, circa June 1947. Bechet, a clarinetist and sax player with an infamously erratic temperament, is considered a father of jazz and was one of the first to record a solo jazz record.

A young Miles Davis is captured observing trumpeter Howard McGhee in New York City, circa September 1947. Davis moved from his native Illinois to attend the Juilliard School but dropped out when he realized he learned more by watching and sitting in with fellow musicians in the city’s jazz clubs.

A nightclub singer performs at a venue on midtown Manhattan’s 52nd Street (circa 1948), which was the hub of post-war jazz nightlife, and home to venues such as Birdland, Jimmy Ryan’s, Famous Door, the Club Carousel, The Onyx, and Spotlight. It was referred to as “Swing Street,” or simply “The Street.”

The south side of 52nd Street is pictured here, looking west from between Fifth and Sixth avenues. The shot, taken circa July 1948, shows Samoa Club, Jimmy Ryan’s, the Onyx, Tony’s, the Club Carousel, and The Three Deuces, where Erroll Garner is headlining with Oscar Pettiford and J.C. Heard.

Sarah Vaughan sings at Café Society in New York City, circa August 1946. Nicknamed "Sassy" and "The Divine Sarah Vaughan," the Newark, New Jersey, native was 22 when this photo was taken. She was discovered four years earlier by piano legend Earl "Fatha" Hines while she was entering talent contests at Harlem's Apollo Theater. She began her solo career in 1945 on 52nd Street at The Three Deuces, the Famous Door, the Onyx, and the Downbeat.

Bebop pianist Thelonius Monk and trumpeter Howard McGhee are pictured at Minton’s Playhouse in Harlem, New York, circa September 1947. Minton’s was an after-hours restaurant where musicians such as Monk experimented with the rapid, syncopated scales that became bebop, or “bop.” The players upped these tempos to prevent other musicians from being able to appropriate their style.

Pianist Art Tatum and bandleader and arranger Phil Moore stand outside Downbeat on 52nd Street in New York City, sometime between 1946 and 1948. In the late 1940s, Moore toured with an ensemble called The Phil Moore Four (featuring Milt Hinton on bass). Moore helped jumpstart singer-actress Dorothy Dandridge’s career. Tatum influenced everyone from Ray Charles and Bud Powell to Charlie Parker, Mary Lou Williams, and Herbie Hancock.

Bandleader Stan Kenton and Buddy Childers are pictured here in Richmond, Virginia, in 1947 or 1948. Childers was a trumpeter and composer, who is only 21 or 22 here. Kenton asked him to join his band at age 16. Kenton’s arranger in 1947 and 1948 was future TV and film composer Pete Rugolo.

Pianist James P. Johnson plays with Freddie Moore at William P. Gottlieb’s office party in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, circa 1948. Johnson was an early vanguardist of slide piano. “Slide” was a divergent genre from “rag,” or ragtime—more bluesy and free-swinging, with an interplay between the right and left hands.

Trumpeter Bunk Johnson, blues singer Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter, and Alcide Pavageau perform at Stuyvesant Casino in New York City, circa June 1946. Johnson suffered a stroke in 1948 and died the following year. Leadbelly wrote the political anthem "Bourgeois Blues," and popularized the tunes "Goodnight, Irene," "Midnight Special," and "Boll Weevil."

Pioneering pianist Mary Lou Williams is pictured at CBS Radio studio in New York City, circa April 1947. Williams, 37 here, hosted a weekly radio show called “Mary Lou Williams’ Piano Workshop.” She headlined at Café Society in Manhattan, New York, during this period, and mentored the likes of Thelonious Monk and Dizzy Gillespie in the nuances of early bebop.

Tenor sax king Coleman “Bean” Hawkins and Miles Davis are pictured at 52nd Street nightspot the Three Deuces, circa July 1947. Miles had just turned 21 when this photo was taken. He dropped out of Juilliard two years earlier, replacing Dizzy Gillespie in Charlie Parker’s quintet. In 1947, he was playing in Billy Eckstine’s band. Hawkins was a headliner at Kelly’s Stables on 52nd Street.

Innovative guitarist Les Paul is pictured in New York City, circa January 1947. Paul helped invent and popularize the electric guitar and toured with the Andrews Sisters in 1946. A year after this photo, Paul was in a life-threatening auto accident. Unable to rebuild his injured elbow, doctors fused Paul’s elbow at a 90-degree angle to allow him to continue playing guitar—at his request.

Bebop percussion ace Max Roach hams it up at 52nd Street’s Three Deuces nightclub, circa October 1947. Roach, only 23 here, played in Dizzy Gillespie’s band. Five years before this date, he subbed for Sonny Greer in Duke Ellington’s band, at Manhattan’s Paramount Theater. Roach was one of bebop’s first recognized drummers.

Billie Holiday is captured backstage with her boxer, Mister, at 52nd Street's Downbeat club, circa February 1947. At this time, Mildred Bailey was the featured performer a quarter-mile away at The Blue Angel.