A timeline of Halloween history

Roughly 2,000 years ago, the ancient Celts began celebrating Samhain to scare away the spirits. They associated the seasonal transition with darkness, cold, and death. The Halloween colors orange and black can be traced back to this time when black was associated with death and orange symbolized the fall harvest.

[Pictured: Bonfire night during Samhain.]

As the Romans overtook the Celts between 43 A.D. and 84 A.D., two of the conquerors' previous holidays merged with Samhain. The first, called Feralia, was a late-October festival honoring the dead, while the second was an ode to Pomona, the goddess of fruit. Pomona's symbol was the apple and this Roman festival is one of several theories about the origin of bobbing for apples.

[Pictured: A painting by Juan van der Hamen shows Vertumnus and Pomona.]

In 609 A.D., Pope Boniface IV established the Catholic feast of All Martyrs Day when he dedicated the Pantheon to Christian martyrs, declaring an annual holiday on May 13. The holiday later came to be known as All Saints' Day or All Hallows' Day.

[Pictured: Depiction of Pope Boniface IV.]

Although the exact year remains unknown, at some time during Pope Gregory III's 10 reign, he dedicated a chapel in the Basilica of St. Peter to honor the saints. When he did this, he moved All Saints' Day from May to Nov. 1 and it began blending with the other autumnal celebrations honoring the dead.

[Pictured: "Forerunners of Christ with Saints and Martyrs" by Fra Angelico from 1420.]

In 837, Pope Gregory IV ordered the general observance of All Saints' Day. According to the Jehovah's Witnesses' online library "Watchtower," the move was in line with the church's policy of "absorbing and 'Christianizing' the customs of the converts rather than abolishing them...Thus, in a single stroke of ecclesiastical diplomacy, a totally pagan festival with all its paraphernalia intact was married to the Church's own centuries-old pagan worship of the dead. And ever since, the odd couple, Halloween and All Saints' Day, have inseparably stuck together."

[Pictured: A church on All Saint's Day in autumn.]

By the turn of the first millennium, Christian influence on the holiday had become widespread and the church declared the following day—Nov. 2—as All Souls' Day in honor of the dead. According to History.com: "It's widely believed today that the church was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, church-sanctioned holiday."

[Pictured: Young girl at a grave on All Soul's Day.]

As the three days of spirited celebration—All Hallows' Eve (Oct. 31), All Hallows' Day (Nov. 1), and All Souls' Day (Nov. 2)—continued gaining popularity in Europe, the Aztecs in Mexico, meanwhile, began performing rituals of their own honoring the dead. These would later evolve into "Día de Los Muertos," or Day of the Dead, a holiday that's merged in recent years with Halloween in some parts of Mexico and the United States. Today, instead of saying "trick or treat," Mexican children ask for candy by saying, "¿Me da mi calaverita?," which means "Can you give me my little skull?"

By the 1600s, All Hallows' Day festivals had become fairly well established in Europe. When settlers began arriving in North America, they brought the holiday with them. As these traditions merged with American Indian customs, things like oral storytelling, plays, skits, ghost stories, fortune telling, dancing, and other types of performance art were incorporated into the festivities.

[Pictured: Illustration to Robert Burns' poem "Halloween" by J.M. Wright and Edward Scriven.]

Black cats had been considered a symbol of the devil in the Middle Ages, and before that, they were associated with spirits and gods by the Egyptians. European witch trials in the 16th century brought with them the presumption that those practicing witchcraft could turn into cats (at the time, some of those accused of witchcraft also had alley cats that had been taken in as pets). That paranoia traveled to the New World with the pilgrims; witches' relationships with cats (and making their victims purr) figured prominently in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 and 1693. Today, cats are depicted next to witches in Halloween decor and are popular costumes.

In the 19th century, the Irish started carving turnips in response to the legend of Stingy Jack, a man who was condemned to walk the Earth for eternity after a bungled ploy with the devil. The turnips—which bore scary faces—were set outside homes to frighten Jack away. When the potato famine occurred, forcing droves to head to America, the immigrants brought the tradition with them which ultimately became pumpkin-carving, hence the name "jack-o'-lantern."

[Pictured: University of Southern California student Halloween party, ca. 1890.]

Between roughly the 1750s and 1850s, artists began depicting ghosts as they appeared in their burial shrouds. As Natalie Shure wrote for The Daily Beast, this was a shift away from previous artistic or literary ghosts, such as Hamlet's father or the ones who visited Ebenezer Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol." The white burial shrouds became associated with ghosts—one of the reasons why today's phantoms wear bedsheets, according to some theories.

In the 1850s, the Irish potato famine prompted immigrants to flood into the United States. In addition to turnip-carving (soon to be pumpkin-carving), they brought many of the original Celtic Samhain traditions with them. "The advent of Ireland's devastating potato famine brought millions of Halloween-loving Irish immigrants over from across the Atlantic," Jack Beresford wrote for The Irish Post. "Americans soon began embracing the traditions of Halloween, latching on to the tricks and treats as a means of letting off steam one night a year."

[Pictured: "Snap-Apple Night" painted by Irish artist Daniel Maclise in 1833.]

In 1874, French composer Camille Saint-Saëns wrote a tone poem called "Danse Macabre" that takes place on Halloween. The ghoulish music, which tells the story of the Grim Reaper waking at midnight to host a Halloween dance with skeletons, has been called the "purest Halloween music ever written." The classical masterpiece marks one of the first pieces of music written for the holiday that persists today.

[Pictured: A mid-18th century German broadside (type of print) of the "Danse Macabre."]

As the holiday continued to grow, so did the costume industry. Between the turn of the century and the 1920s, the first signs of Halloween as a commercial holiday began popping up as costumes became mass-produced. During this time, the Dennison Paper Co. created a large number of simple paper costumes. "Everybody looked the same, those were aprons with cats or little witches printed on them, or hats or paper masks," Halloween expert Lesley Bannatyne told Insider. "They were meant to be worn once and thrown away, like crepe paper. That's the first time Halloween got a standard color scheme—yellow, black, orange, purple—with paper products."

Trick-or-treating had been occurring in some form or another for centuries but it hit North America in the early part of the 20th century. According to Daven Hiskey of the website Today I Found Out, the first documented case was in 1911. There are many theories about its origins—some say it's linked to Celts leaving food out for ghosts during Samhain. Others say it comes from the Scottish practice of "guising" or "souling," where kids dressed as ghosts and were given gifts to help keep the spirits away.

Although it still wasn't mass marketed, Halloween had become fairly widespread throughout the United States by the 1920s and 1930s. Around this time, communities began organizing parades and large, community-wide events. It was also around this time that vandalism started occurring during celebrations, too, and the idea of mischief began to be associated with the holiday.

[Pictured: Anaheim Halloween Parade 1946.]

During World War II, Halloween took a hiatus for a few years. With soldiers dying overseas, people weren't in the mood for macabre celebrations and when the sugar rations started, it stopped almost completely for several years. However, when the war ended and the rationing was over, Halloween returned in spades. According to Daven Hiskey of the website Today I Found Out, "After the WWII sugar rations were lifted, Halloween's popularity saw a huge spike and within five years trick-or-treating was a near-ubiquitous practice throughout North America."

[Pictured: American Red Cross workers and servicemen hollow out pumpkins in preparation for Halloween Dance at Cheltenham Town Hall in 1944.]

In the 1950s, as broadcast TV began soaring in popularity, Halloween became widely marketed and its images became more homogenized. "Popular culture went from radio to television in the '50s, and all of a sudden everybody is on the same page," Halloween expert Lesley Bannatyne explained to Insider. "You couldn't have standard Halloween costumes that everybody knew about until we had a common culture." Common costumes included figures like Little Orphan Annie, Peter Pan, Donald Duck, and Snow White.

In 1962, a singer named Bobby "Boris" Pickett released a Halloween-themed novelty song called "Monster Mash." The unexpected hit was hugely popular and on Oct. 30 that year, the album topped the charts as the #1 record in the country, selling 1 million copies. Today, it remains one of the most popular Halloween songs in history.

Before the 1950s, kids were trick-or-treating regularly but it wasn't always candy that went into their goodie bags. According to Mental Floss, things like toys, money, and fruit also were common treats. However, around this time candy manufacturers recognized the opportunity and began marketing tiny-sized candy bars specifically for Halloween. In the 1970s, fear over poisoning further cemented the role of wrapped candy as the treat of choice.

In 1974, a Texan named Ronald Clark O'Bryan fatally poisoned his 8-year-old son by lacing Halloween candy with cyanide. He also handed out poisoned candy to a few other neighborhood children, though none died. The case prompted widespread fear about poisoned candy from strangers even though experts say it's never actually been a problem. "I can't find any evidence that any child has ever been injured by a contaminated treat picked up on Halloween," University of Delaware criminologist Joel Best told The Independent. "I can't say for certain that it hasn't happened, because it's impossible to prove a negative. But this seems to be an urban myth."

Halloween costumes took a major turn toward the macabre in the late 1970s and 1980s after the release of the first "Halloween" movie in 1978. Before that, costumes had been scary but not gruesome. "It was always spooky, and it was always otherworldly and weird, but it wasn't bloody and violent until John Carpenter's 'Halloween' cracked it open," Halloween expert Lesley Bannatyne told Insider.

If the 1980s were a time for gory Halloween costumes, the new millennium was the time for sexy costumes. Rather than dressing up as bloody serial killers from slasher films, people went out as sexy witches and nurses. "In the '80s and '90s, people would always ask me 'Why is Halloween so violent?' Nowadays, they ask ' Why is Halloween so sexy?'" Halloween expert Lesley Bannatyne explained to Insider.

In the past five to 10 years, awareness has increased about culturally sensitive Halloween costumes and there's been increasing media attention around issues of cultural appropriation. Celebrities who've been criticized for their costumes include Nicky Hilton (who dressed as Pocahontas), Heidi Klum (who went as the Hindu goddess Kali), and Julianne Hough (who donned blackface to be Crazy Eyes from "Orange Is The New Black").

[Pictured: Heidi Klum dressed as the goddess Kali.]

Today, Halloween has become a thoroughly commercial affair. In 2022, Americans are expected to spend $10.6 billion on the holiday, according to the National Retail Federation. Of that, about $3.1 billion will go to candy, $3.4 billion to decorations, and $3.6 billion to costumes. 

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